Information: Fallen Angels, the Korean version of Fallen Angels, had before the US version, not the Korean version of the US version of the domineering, like hair. Directed by Trey Powell. With Jon St. John, River Kanoff, Marissa Lenti, Johnathan Montoya. On a cold, dark night private detective Michael Thane saves a mysterious. Fallen angel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A fallen angel is a wicked or rebellious angel that has been cast out of heaven. The term "fallen angel" does not appear in the Bible, but it is used of angels who sinned (such as those referred to in 2 Peter 2: 4, "For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment .."), of angels cast down to the earth in the War in Heaven, of Satan,[1]demons,[2] or of certain Watchers.[3] The term has become popular in fictional literature regarding angels. Mention of angels who descended to Mount Hermon (not "fell" to Earth) is found in the Book of Enoch, which the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church accept as canonical, as well as in various pseudepigrapha. Second Temple period Judaism[edit]Sons of God[edit]Main article: Sons of God. In the period immediately preceding the composition of the New Testament, some sects of Judaism identified the "sons of God" (Ч‘Ч Ч™ Ч”ЧђЧњЧ”Ч™Чќ) of Genesis 6: 1–4 with fallen angels.[4] Some scholars consider it most likely that this Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6: 1–4.[5][6] Lester L. Grabbe calls the story of the sexual intercourse of angels with women "an old myth in Judaism".[7] Indeed, until the mid- 2nd century AD, Jewish writing (such as midrashim) can be taken to identify the "sons of God" of Gen 6: 1 and 4 as angels.[8] By the 3rd century, there is evidence that some early Christians accepted this Jewish Enochic pseudepigraphy and the application of the angelic descent myth to the "sons of God" passage in Genesis 6: 1–4.[9] Its presence not only in the East but also in the Latin- speaking West is attested by the polemic of Augustine of Hippo (3. Rabbinic Judaism and Christian authorities rejected the tradition.[1. Those who adopted the tradition viewed the "sons of God" as fallen angels who married human women and by unnatural union begot the Nephilim.[1. Watchers, "Grigori"[edit]The reference to heavenly beings called "Watchers" originates in Daniel 4, in which there are three mentions, twice in the singular (v. The Greek word for watchers is бјђОіПЃО®ОіОїПЃОїО№egrбё—goroi, pl. Note that, beginning by AD 1. Greek letter eta (О·) was itacized to sound the same as iota (О№), and the Old Slavonic alphabets, both Cyrillic and Glagolitic, made no phonetic distinction between the letters they derived from Greek О· and О№.[1. The Greek term was transcribed in the Jewish pseudepigraphon Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) as Grigori, referring to the same beings as those called Watchers of the (First) Book of Enoch.[1. First Enoch[edit]A Jewish story of angels coming down to earth rather than being cast down, referred to as the story of angelic descent,[1. Jewish pseudepigraphic. Book of Enoch, 6- 9 and the Qumran. Book of Giants and perhaps in Genesis 6: 1- 4.[1.
![]() These Watchers became "enamored" with human women (1 Enoch 7. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge they were given, corrupted human beings and the earth (1 Enoch 1. A number of apocryphal works, including 1 Enoch (1. Great Deluge.[1. 9] This fact was adopted by early Christianity, but abandoned by Rabbinic Judaism and later Christianity.[2. During the period immediately before the rise of Christianity, the intercourse between these Watchers and human women was often seen as the first fall of the angels.[2. Slavonic Enoch[edit]The Slavonic Second Book of Enoch is problematic as evidence for Jewish belief as it has been heavily redacted by Christian transmission. For example, the passage dealing specifically with the fall is regarded as a Christian change to the text by the editor of the modern standard edition: 2 Enoch 2. Here Satanail was hurled from the height together with his angels" - a probable Christian interpolation according to Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. The text refers to "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light". The Grigori are identified with the Watchers of 1 Enoch.[2. The Grigori who "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne", married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in confinement under earth (2 Enoch 1. In the longer recension of 2 Enoch, chapter 2. Lord's power (2 Enoch 2. Most sources quote 2 Enoch as stating that those who descended to earth were three,[2. Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting 2 Enoch as saying that three went down to the earth,[2. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalypic Literature and Testaments edited by James H. Charlesworth, manuscript J, taken as the best representative of the longer recension, has "and three of them descended" (p. 1. A, taken as the best representative of the shorter recension, has "and they descended", which might indicate that all the Grigori descended, or 2. These are the Grigori, 2. Chapter 2. 9, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels"[2. Enoch, "one of the order of archangels"[2. Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." In this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in a single manuscript,[2. GIM khlyudov manuscript,[3. English translation by R. H. Charles. The Hebrew Bible personifies Satan, mistaking him as Lucifer, as a character in only three places, always inferior to God's power: it portrays him as an accuser (Zechariah 3: 1- 2), a seducer (1 Chronicles 2. Job 2: 1). It uses the Hebrew word, which means "adversary", elsewhere to speak of human opponents or some evil influence,[3. Satan is an angel, nor that he is fallen.[3. However, the Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that Satan appears in Jewish pseudepigrapha, especially apocalypses, as "ruler of a demonic host, influencing events throughout the world, cast out of heaven as a fallen angel", and ascribes the idea of Satan as a fallen angel to a misinterpretation of Isaiah 1. Christianity[edit]In Christianity, Satan is often seen as the leader of the fallen angels.[3. The New Testament mentions Satan 3. Book of Revelation tells of "that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world," being thrown down to the earth together with his angels.[3. In Luke 1. 0: 1. 8 Jesus says: "I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven." While the New Testament thus mentions Satan falling from Heaven, it never says that he was an angel, only that he masquerades as one, in 2 Corinthians 1. However, the concept of fallen angels is not foreign to the New Testament; both 2 Peter 2: 4 and Jude 1: 6 refer to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on Judgement Day. Dragon and his angels[edit]Main article: War in Heaven. In the New Testament, Revelation 1. In verses 7–9, after defeat in a War in Heaven in which the dragon and his angels fought against Michael and his angels, "the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world - he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him."[3. Fall of Lucifer[edit]The fall of Lucifer finds its earliest identification with a fallen angel in Origen,[citation needed] based on an interpretation of Isaiah 1. Babylon as a fallen morning star (in Hebrew, הילל ). When this description was mis- interpreted as regarding an angel, not a human king, the image of the fallen morning star or angel was applied to Satan both in Jewish pseudepigrapha[3. Christian writers,[3. Lucifer myth to Satan in the pre- Christian century.[3. Origen and other Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of Isaiah 1. Jesus' statement in Luke 1. I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven" and to the mention of a fall of Satan in Revelation 1. In Latin- speaking Christianity, the Latin word lucifer, employed in the late 4th- century AD Vulgate to translate הילל, gave rise to the name "Lucifer" for the person believed to be referred to in the text. Orthodox Judaism does not believe the name Lucifer is a reference to Satan but rather the text in chapter four indicates that it is a literal taunt against the King of Babylon. Christian interpretation of Ezekiel 2. Indeed, Christian tradition has applied to Satan not only the image of the morning star in Isaiah 1. Ezekiel 2. 8: 1. 1- 1. Tyre, who is spoken of as having been a "cherub". Rabbinic literature saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, even if it perhaps did not associate them with Satan, and the episode of the fall of Satan appears not only in writings of the early Christian Fathers and in (Christian?) apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, but also in rabbinic sources.[4. However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 1. Ezekiel 2. 8 as providing information about the fall of Satan".[4. Religious views[edit]Judaism[edit]The concept of fallen angels is first found in Judaism among texts of the Second Temple era, being applied in particular to Azazel[4. Satan.[3. 2] However, from the Middle Ages certain Jewish scholars, both rationalist and traditionalist, rejected belief in rebel or fallen angels, since they considered evil as simply the absence of good or at least as not absolute. However modern Orthodox Rabbeim believe that angels don't have free will and a pre- programmed to perform certain duties. When an angel's duty is completed, the angel ceases to exist.[4. Christianity[edit]Christians adopted the concept of fallen angels mainly based on their interpretations of the Book of Revelation Chapter 1.
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Help with how to fix a crashing app on i. Phone, i. Pad (Mini), and i. Pod Touch. This article explains for i. OS 9: Help with how to fix a crashing app on i. Phone, i. Pad (Mini), and i. Pod Touch. В One of the most frustrating things when using an i. Phone, i. Pad (Mini), or i. Gameloft Support is here to help you and guide you on anything game related. Gameloft Customer Care will answer all your questions. Pod Touch is when an app crashes. В Apps crash for various reasons. Many times the app crashes because there is some bug that the developers did not catch. Sometimes, the app can have data that is corrupted. Other times the cause of an app crashing is simply because their is not enough available memory when the app is launched. I moved this thread to the iOS 7 forum as this is what the Crash issue is related to. That said, there are thousands of people including myself with this exact issue. Regardless of the cause, the frustration is still the same. So, what can be done when an app crashes on you in i. OS 9? How can this be fixed? The first thing to do is to open the App Store and find the app. Check to see if there are any acknowledgements by the developers or complaints from users about a bug. If so, you will need to wait for the developer to release an updated version of the app. However, if there are no listed software bugs, then, try these 3 things to fix the crashing app on your i. Device running i. OS 9: The first thing I always do when an app is crashing on me is to close out of the app in the multitasking tray. This process quits the app in a way that releases it from the processing memory of the device so that when you open it up the next time it starts fresh. All you need to do to close the crashing app from the multitasking tray is to double tap the home button to reveal multitasking mode. You will see the app icon above. В an app preview window. To close the app, all you need to do is swipe up on the preview window. ![]() The crashing app will disappear from the multitasking tray and the app beside it will slide over into it’s place. Now the crashing app has been closed and will open fresh the next time it is launched. Often times this solves a app crash. В issue in i. OS 7, i. OS 8 and i. OS 9. ![]() However, if the app still crashes, go to step 2. Close all apps and perform a hard reset of your i. OS device. If your app continues to crash even after you have completed step 1, then you should close all of your apps and restart the device. ![]() “My Toshiba laptop suddenly shuts down by itself without any warning. Sometimes it works fine for hours, sometimes it shuts down in 10-15 minutes.”. This article explains for iOS 9: Help with how to fix a crashing app on iPhone, iPad (Mini), and iPod Touch. One of the most frustrating things when using an iPhone. 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Wait for the screen to go black and once the Apple Logo appears, then release the Home В Button and the On/Off Button. Let your i. OS device start up and try to open the crashing app again. I recommend closing all apps and performing a hard reset every couple of weeks on your device to help maintain the health and speed of the device. See this article for more on this: How to Hard Reset an i. OS Device. В If the app still crashes after completing step 2, then proceed to step 3. Delete the App and Reinstall it (be sure to backup the device in i. Tunes before deleting the app if you have files in the app that you need to keep)The last step in this process is to delete the app and reinstall it. This will help remove any corrupt files. Caution: If you have files that are connected to the app you want to delete, be sure you have copies elsewhere or have a backup of your i. Device on i. Tunes or i. Cloud. Deleting the app will delete all the app’s data as well. Once you are sure you have a backup completed, tap and hold on the app you want to delete. The app will begin to wiggle and then you can tap on the black “X” in the upper left corner of the app. Once you have deleted the app, find it in the App Store and reinstall it. If the app was a paid app, you will be able to download and install the app again for free. If the crashing app is a stock app (ie. Mail, Calendar, Messages, etc) then you won’t be able to delete it. Try this tip if the crashing app is a stock app: В How to fix Crashing Stock Apps. One additional key component to this step in i. OS 7, i. OS 8, and i. OS 9 is to make sure that you delete the data that the app may store in i. Cloud as well. Not all apps use i. Cloud for storage but many do. If an app does use i. Cloud storage, you will need to delete this in addition to deleting the app itself (Note: just be cautious that you don’t need any of the data synced with i. Cloud as deleting the i. Cloud storage for the app will erase the data for that app). For example, I recently had an app that I installed that began to crash every time I opened it. I followed all of the above steps including deleting and reinstalling the app. It still crashed. Then, I realized that the app was syncing data to my other devices via i. Cloud. I had to delete the app, then delete the app’s data in i. Cloud, and then reinstall it. This time the app launched without a problem. To delete an app’s i. Cloud data, open up the Settings App and navigate to i. Cloud –> Storage and Backup –> Manage Storage. If you don’t see the app listed in the top 5 apps, В tap on Show All. Find the App Data and tap on it. Tap Edit in the upper right corner and scroll down to the bottom and tap on Delete or Delete All. Close the Settings app and open the App Store to reinstall the app that had been crashing. Then, see if it fixed the crash problem for the app in i. OS 7, i. OS 8, or i. The following midis listed have been officially added to the archive. Newly submitted files (which have not been sorted or approved by our staff) can be found in our. Classification of early platformers. The term platform game is somewhat ambiguous, particularly when referring to games that predate the widespread, international use. Get the latest entertainment news, celebrity interviews and pop culture pulse on movies, TV and music and more at ABCNews.com. Fraps can show fps (frame rate) in Windows PC games! Fraps performs video capture, screen capture and can benchmark your fps! Supports both DirectX capture and OpenGL. Game Not Running In Full Screen Windows 7Jackson Behind Redskins' Resurgence. Fran Duffy looks at the new ways that the Redskins are using DeSean Jackson. View Now. Platform game - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the video game genre. For platformer units in petroleum refining, see Catalytic reforming. ![]() Dustforce trailer showing platform game features such as enemies, obstacles, double jumping and wall jumping. A platform game (or platformer) is a video game which involves guiding an avatar to jump between suspended platforms, over obstacles, or both to advance the game. These challenges are known as jumping puzzles or freerunning. The player controls the jumps to avoid letting the avatar fall from platforms or miss necessary jumps. The most common unifying element of games of this genre is the jump button. Jumping, in this genre, may include swinging from extendable arms, as in Ristar or Bionic Commando, or bouncing from springboards or trampolines, as in Alpha Waves. These mechanics, even in the context of other genres, are commonly called platforming, a verbification of platform. Games where jumping is automated completely, such as The Legend of Zelda, fall outside of the genre. Platform games originated in the early 1. D successors popularized in the mid- 1. The term itself describes games where jumping on platforms is an integral part of the gameplay and came into use after the genre had been established, no later than 1. It is not a pure genre; it is frequently coupled with elements of other genres, such as the shooter elements in Contra, the adventure elements of Flashback, or the role- playing game elements of Castlevania: Symphony of the Night. While commonly associated with console gaming, there have been many important platform games released to video arcades, as well as for handheld game consoles and home computers. North America, Europe and Japan have played major parts in the genre's evolution. Platform themes range from cartoon- like games to science fiction and fantasy epics. At one point, platform games were the most popular genre of video game. At the peak of their popularity, it is estimated that between one- quarter and one- third of console games were platformers.[3] No genre either before or since has been able to achieve a similar market share. As of 2. 00. 6, the genre had become far less dominant, representing a two percent market share as compared to fifteen percent in 1. Since 2. 01. 0, a variety of endless running platformers for mobile devices have brought renewed popularity to the genre. History[edit]Single screen movement[edit]. A Donkey Kong level demonstrates extensive jumping between platforms, the genre's defining trait. Platform games originated in the early 1. Because of the technical limitations of the day, early examples were confined to a static playing field, generally viewed in profile. Space Panic, a 1. Universal, is sometimes credited as being the first platform game,[5] though the distinction is contentious. While the player had the ability to fall, there was no ability to jump, swing, or bounce, so the game does not satisfy most modern definitions of the genre. However, it clearly influenced the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. Another precursor to the genre released that same year was Nichibutsu's Crazy Climber, which revolved around the concept of climbing buildings.[6][7]Donkey Kong, an arcade game created by Nintendo and released in July 1. Donkey Kong had a limited amount of platforming in its first two screens, but its last two screens had a more pronounced platform jumping component. This game also introduced Mario, a modern icon of the genre, under the name Jumpman. Donkey Kong was ported to many consoles and computers at the time, and the title helped to cement Nintendo's position as an important name in the video game industry internationally. The following year, Donkey Kong received a sequel, Donkey Kong Jr. The third game in the series, Donkey Kong 3, was not a platformer, but it was succeeded by Mario Bros, a platform game that offered two- player simultaneous cooperative play. This title laid the groundwork for other popular two- player cooperative platformers such as Fairyland Story and Bubble Bobble, which in turn influenced many of the single- screen platformers that would follow. Beginning in 1. 98. Pitfall!, released for the Atari 2. It became one of the best- selling games on the system and was a breakthrough for the genre. Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle was released on the Coleco. Vision that same year, adding uneven terrain and scrolling pans between static screens. Manic Miner (1. 98. Jet Set Willy (1. Wanted: Monty Mole won the first ever award for Best Platform game in 1. Later that same year, Epyx released Impossible Mission, which further expanded on the exploration aspect and laid the groundwork for such games as Prince of Persia. Classification of early platformers[edit]The term platform game is somewhat ambiguous, particularly when referring to games that predate the widespread, international use of the term. The concept of a platform game as it was defined in its earliest days is somewhat different from how the term is commonly used today. Beginning with Space Panic, a genre of games emerged characterized by a profile view and a game field consisting of a number of tiers connected by ladders. These included Donkey Kong, Canyon Climber, Miner 2. Lode Runner. The two most common gameplay goals were to get to the top of the screen or to collect all of a particular item. By 1. 98. 3 press in the UK began referring to these tiers as "platforms" and started calling these titles "platform games" not long after.[2] The North American press, including Electronic Games Magazine, labeled the genre "climbing games."[1. The term "platform game" has since gained wide use in North America, and across Europe, and since the earliest uses the concept has evolved, particularly as the genre peaked in popularity during the latter half of the 1. Many of the games that were part of the early platform genre, such as Donkey Kong and Miner 2. Scrolling movement[edit]Jump Bug introduced scrolling graphics to the genre. The first platform game to use scrolling graphics came years before the genre became a trend.[1. Jump Bug is a simple platform- shooter developed by Alpha Denshi under contract for Hoei/Coreland[1. Donkey Kong.[1. 4] Players control a bouncing car that jumps on various platforms such as buildings, clouds, and hills. As part of a nascent genre, its development was not strongly influenced by existing conventions, nor was it said to be a major influence on games immediately after it. Jump Bug offered an early glimpse of what was to come, with uneven, independently suspended platforms and levels that scroll both horizontally and vertically.[1. This style of gameplay was further refined in the arcades by such games as 1. Major Havoc. Home consoles of America's early 1. Atari 2. 60. 0 (with only vertical scrolling), Atari 5. Emerson. Arcadia 2. Japan's Famicom. This makes it very difficult to produce a smooth scrolling effect on a console. Nevertheless, Sydney Development released B. C.'s Quest For Tires in 1. Coleco. Vision and several home computer platforms.[1. The game features large, smooth- scrolling levels and simplistic platform gameplay in which players jump over oncoming pitfalls and obstacles, much like Moon Patrol. Not long after this, a scrolling platform game appeared on the Commodore 6. Atari 8. 00 computers called Snokie. It began to bridge the gap between these earlier scrolling arcade- style games and implements a more mature vision of the genre, with uneven terrain and an emphasis on precision jumping. Namco took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1. Pac- Land. Pac- Land was an evolution of earlier platform games that had more than simple hurdle jumping game like some of its predecessors. It was not only a very successful title that was later ported to many consoles,[1. Wonder Boy and Super Mario Bros and was probably a direct influence on them. It even had multi- layered parallax scrolling,[1. Taito released Legend of Kage,[1. Sega released Flicky,[1. Namco followed up Pac- Land with the fantasy- themed Dragon Buster,[2. D) Super Mario games.[2. By the end of the year, the scrolling platform game was firmly established, but it was not until such games made their way to home consoles that the genre would be propelled to a new level of mainstream popularity.[citation needed]Nintendo's platform game Super Mario Bros., released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1. The title was bundled with Nintendo systems in North America, Japan, and Europe, and went on to sell over 4. Guinness Book of World Records. Its success as a pack- in led many companies to see platform games as vital to their success, and contributed greatly to popularizing the genre during the 8- bit console generation. Sega attempted to emulate this success with their Alex Kidd series, which began in 1. Master System with Alex Kidd in Miracle World. It's a platformer that features horizontal and vertical scrolling levels, the ability to punch enemies and obstacles, and shops where the player can buy power- ups and vehicles. Some of the bosses are fought through a minigame of rock- paper- scissors where others you have to fight or crash the Sukopako "motorbike" into a pirate bear. The environments are varied, including mountains, caves, oceans, forests, and underwater segments.[2. Another Sega platformer series that began that same year is Wonder Boy. The original Wonder Boy in 1. Pac- Land than Super Mario Bros, and features skateboarding segments that gives the game a greater sense of speed than other platformers at the time,[2. Wonder Boy in Monster Land, takes the series in a new direction by combining action- adventure and action role- playing elements with traditional platforming.[2. Wonder Boy in turn inspired platformers such as Adventure Island, Dynastic Hero, Popful Mail, and Shantae.[2. Platformers went portable in the late 1. Super Mario Land, and the genre continued to maintain its popularity, with many titles released for the handheld. Game Boy and Game Gear systems. Because of their small size, technical constraints, and blurring associated with early LCD technology, fast paced action- based platformers are more difficult to develop for these handheld systems. Because of this, many handheld platformers lean toward slower- paced play styles and a greater emphasis on puzzles. After the transition of home consoles to three- dimensional (3. D) displays, handhelds became a bastion for 2. D platform games, where they remain popular. New Super Mario Bros. Japan and North America during its first year of release.[2. On the stock Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), as well as on most 8- bit arcade hardware, platform games generally only scroll in one direction at a time, usually horizontally. This means designers must use a very narrow level progression, or break levels up into subareas that scrolled either horizontally or vertically, as was the case in Metroid and Mega Man — or effectively upgrade the system using memory management controller chips, embedded into each relevant cartridge. One of the first platform games to scroll in all four directions freely and follow the on- screen character's movement is in a vector game called Major Havoc, which comprises a number of mini- games, including a simple platformer, a shoot 'em up sequence, a landing sequence, and a Breakout clone.[2. One of the first raster- based platform games to scroll fluidly in all directions in this manner is the previously mentioned 1. Legend of Kage. In 1. Enix released an early open world platform- adventure game, Brain Breaker.[2. The following year saw the release of a more successful open- world platform- adventure, Nintendo's Metroid, which was critically acclaimed for having a balance between open- ended and guided exploration. Another platform- adventure released that year, Pony Canyon's Super Pitfall, was critically panned for its vagueness and weak game design. That same year Jaleco released Esper Boukentai, a platform- action sequel to Psychic 5 that scrolled in all directions and allowed the player character to make huge multistory jumps, which were necessary to navigate the giant, vertically oriented levels.[3. Telenet Japan also released its own take on the platform- action game, Valis, which contained anime- style cut scenes.[3. In 1. 98. 7, Capcom's Mega Man introduced a non- linear option allowing the player to choose which part of the game to play next. This was a stark contrast to both linear games like Super Mario Bros. Metroid. Games. Radar credits the "level select" feature of Mega Man as the basis for the non- linear mission structure found in most open- world, multi- mission, sidequest- heavy games.[3. Another Capcom platformer that year was Bionic Commando, a multidirectional- scrolling platform- action game known for introducing the grappling hook mechanic that has since appeared in dozens of later platform games, including Earthworm Jim and Tomb Raider.[3. Though multidirectional scrolling did not seem important at the time, it would become a distinguishing feature of the next generation of platformers. The advent of 1. 6- bit home consoles marked an evolutionary step for the genre. By the time the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo launched, platform games were the most popular genre in home console gaming and were seen as vital for winning the console war. There was a particular emphasis on having a flagship platform title exclusive to a format, featuring a mascot character. In 1. 98. 9, Sega released Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle. The title was only modestly successful, and Sega realized it needed a stronger mascot to move Genesis units. That same year, Capcom released the platformer Strider, which scrolled in multiple directions and allowed the player to summon Artificial intelligence (AI) partners, such as a droid, tiger, and hawk, to help fight enemies.[3. Sega's Shadow Dancer, released in the same year, also featuring an AI partner, a dog who would follow the player around and aid in battle.[3. In 1. 99. 0, Hudson Soft released Bonk's Adventure, featuring a character that was positioned as NEC's mascot.[3. The following year, Takeru's Cocoron, a late platformer for the Famicom, introduced true character customization, allowing players to build a character from a toy box filled with spare parts.[3. Super NES, along with the eagerly anticipated Super Mario World. In order to fend off the new competition, Sega released Sonic the Hedgehog.[3. Whereas Nintendo's offering featured a conservative design, true to the Mario tradition, Sonic showcased a new style of design made possible by a new generation of hardware. Sonic featured large fields that scrolled effortlessly in all directions, as well as all manner of uneven terrain, curved hills, and a complex physics system that allowed players to rush through its levels with well- placed jumps and rolls. Lastly, there was the game's eponymous main character. Sega decided to give Sonic a rebellious personality in order to appeal to older gamers,[3. Mario.[citation needed] The game proved to be a massive hit, was a successful pack- in with new systems, and cemented the view that platform games would make or break a console.[citation needed]The Sonic character was seen as a new model for mascots in the early 1. This attitude would soon become the status quo, as companies attempted to duplicate Sonic's success with their own brightly colored anthropomorphisms.[4. Very frequently these were characterized by impatience, sarcasm, and frequent quips. These mascots, which included the likes of Gex, Bug!, Aero the Acro- Bat, Awesome Possum, and Bubsy, have mostly faded from relevance. Although there had long been important platform games on home computers, a second generation of platform games for computers appeared alongside the new wave of consoles. In the late 1. 98. Amiga was known as a stronger gaming platform than IBM- compatible PCs, thanks to its more powerful stock video hardware and sound hardware.[4. The Atari ST was solidly supported as well. Games like Shadow of the Beast and Turrican showed that computer platform games could rival the graphics and sound of their console contemporaries, and Prince of Persia featured an unprecedented level of animation. In 1. 99. 0, DOS PC gaming made a breakthrough in the genre. Commander Keen, released by id Software, became the first IBM- compatible PC platformer to feature smooth scrolling graphics, thanks to a technique developed by programmer John Carmack called "adaptive tile refresh".[4. The success of this game via the shareware distribution model prompted many others to attempt more console- styled scrolling platformers on the PC, including Todd Replogle's Duke Nukem, Duke Nukem II, Cosmo's Cosmic Adventure and Dark Ages by Apogee Software, and Jill of the Jungle, Xargon and Jazz Jackrabbit by Epic Mega. Games. These games helped fuel the shareware model, which would drive PC gaming to greater relevance in the early to mid- 1. Decline of 2. D[edit]At the end of the 1. Sonic & Knuckles, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, Super Metroid and Donkey Kong Country, but the release of new hardware caused players' attention to gradually shift away from traditional 2. D genres.[4] The Saturn, Play. Station, and Nintendo 6. D platform games. Rayman, a traditional 2. D platform game, was a big success on 3. Mega Man 8 and Mega Man X4 helped revitalize interest in Capcom's blue bomber. Castlevania: Symphony of the Night revitalized its series and established a new foundation for later Castlevania games. Oddworld and Heart of Darkness kept the subgenre born from Prince of Persia alive. In a break from the past, the Nintendo 6. D platformers—only Yoshi's Story, Kirby 6. The Crystal Shards, Goemon's Great Adventure and Mischief Makers—and both met with a tepid response from critics at the time.[4. Despite this, Yoshi's Story sold over a million copies in the US,[2. Mischief Makers rode high on the charts in the months following its release.[4. The difficulties of adapting platform gameplay to three dimensions led some developers to compromise by pairing the visual flash of 3. D with traditional 2. D gameplay. These games are often referred to as "2. D".[4. 7] The first such game was a Sega Saturnlaunch title, Clockwork Knight (1. The game featured levels and boss characters rendered in 3. D, but retained 2. D gameplay and used pre- rendered 2. D sprites for regular characters, similar to Donkey Kong Country. Its sequel improved upon its design, featuring some 3. D effects such as hopping between the foreground and background, and the camera panning and curving around corners. The formula has been repeated many times. Pandemonium and Klonoa brought the 2. D style to the Play. Station. The third dimension[edit]The term 3. D platformer usually refers to games that feature gameplay in three dimensions and polygonal 3. D graphics. Games that have 3. D gameplay but 2. D graphics are usually included under the umbrella of isometric platformers, while those that have 3. D graphics but gameplay on a 2. D plane are called 2. D, as they are a blend of 2. D and 3. D. The first attempts to bring platform games into 3. D used 2. D graphics and an isometric perspective. These games are nearly as old as the genre itself, one of the earliest examples being Sega's Congo Bongo in 1. The first platformers to simulate a 3. D perspective and moving camera emerged in the early- mid- 1. An early example of this was Konami's platform game Antarctic Adventure,[4. Originally released in 1. MSX computer, it was subsequently ported to various platforms the following year,[5. NES,[5. 0] and Coleco. Vision.[4. 9] That same year, I, Robot, though not a platformer, featured filled 3. D polygonal graphics, flat shading, and camera control options, which were not widely adopted by platformers until the 1. Antarctic Adventure called Penguin Adventure, which was designed by Hideo Kojima.[5. It included more action game elements, a greater variety of levels, RPG elements such as upgrading equipment,[5. Trailblazer, released to various computer systems in 1. D play field where players manipulated a bouncing ball to leap over obstacles and pitfalls. In early 1. 98. 7, Square released 3- D World. Runner, designed by Hironobu Sakaguchi and Nasir Gebelli.[5. Using a forward- scrolling effect similar to Sega's 1. Space Harrier.[5. D World. Runner was an early forward- scrolling pseudo- 3. D third- person platform- action game where players were free to move in any forward- scrolling direction and could leap over obstacles and chasms. It was notable for being one of the first stereoscopic 3- D games.[5. Square released its sequel, JJ, later that year.[5. In 1. 99. 0, an Estonian developer called Bluemoon released Kosmonaut, a forward- scrolling driving/action game similar to Trailblazer, which consisted almost entirely of platform- jumping obstacle courses.[5. While the gameplay took place in three dimensions, and the graphics were polygonal, the game is considered pseudo- 3. D because it used a fixed viewpoint. The game was later remade in 1. Sky. Roads, which experienced wider popularity. Alpha Waves had players bounce on platforms in 3. D as early as 1. 99. The earliest example of a true 3. D platformer is a French computer game called Alpha Waves, created by Christophe de Dinechin and published by Infogrames in 1. Atari ST, Amiga, and PC.[5. It featured full- screen 3. D graphics, true 3. D movement, and a movable camera, all firsts for the genre. The environments were abstract, with simple gameplay focused on hopping from trampoline- like platforms. The game was released in North America by Data East` under the name Continuum. Much like Jump Bug before it, while it is believed to be the first of its kind, it is not widely recognized as especially influential, though it is sometimes regarded as a precursor to Jumping Flash![6. Though its appearance was distinct from the popular 2. D platformers of the day, it was billed as a platform game on its packaging.[6. Bug! extended traditional platform gameplay in all directions. Bug!, a Sega Saturn game that was released in 1. D platforming. It allowed players to move in all directions, but it did not allow movement along more than one axis at once; the player could orthogonally but not diagonally. Its characters were pre- rendered sprites, much like the earlier Clockwork Knight. The game played very similarly to 2. D platformers, but it was considered a true 3. D title, and let players walk up walls and on ceilings. It was a moderate success, and spawned a sequel called Bug Too! In 1. 99. 5, Delphine Software released a 3. D sequel to their popular 2. D platformer Flashback. Entitled Fade to Black, it was the first attempt to bring a popular 2. D platform game series into 3. D. While it retained the puzzle- oriented level design style and step- based control, and bore a strong resemblance to its predecessor, it did not meet the criteria of a platform game, and was billed as an action adventure.[6. It used true 3. D characters and set pieces, but its environments were rendered using a rigid engine similar to the one used by Wolfenstein 3. D, in that it could only render square, flat corridors, rather than suspended platforms that could be jumped between. Fade to Black would set the stage for other series, such as Metroid and Duke Nukem, that would gradually shift away from the traditional platform formula while retaining many of its gameplay conventions. There was a great deal of pressure on Sony, Sega, and Nintendo to release mascot platformers before the 1. Sony chose to adopt an existing project by developers Naughty Dog, a small developer at the time, who had recently released the questionable Way of the Warrior. The move paid off; their game, Crash Bandicoot, beat Nintendo's new console to market in North America and was released in time for the holiday in Japan. Crash would remain Sony's unofficial mascot for the next several years before switching to multi- platform releases in the following console generation. Sega did not fare as well. They had tasked their American studio, Sega Technical Institute, with bringing Sonic the Hedgehog into 3. D. Their project, titled Sonic Xtreme, was to have featured a radically different approach for the series, with an exaggerated fisheye camera and multidirectional gameplay reminiscent of Bug! Its development was rocky, due in part to conflicts with Sega of Japan and a rushed schedule, and the game never made it to market. Reshaping the genre[edit]In 1. Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto had conceived of a 3. D Mario game, Super Mario FX, while working on Star Fox.[6. Miyamoto developed most of the concepts for the game during the era of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and considered using the Super FX chip to make it a SNES game, but decided to develop it for the Nintendo 6. The game was renamed Super Mario 6. In 1. 99. 4, a small developer called Exact released a game for the X6. Geograph Seal. The game was a fully 3. D polygonal first- person shooter hybrid with a pronounced platform jumping component. Players piloted a frog- like mech that could jump and then double- jump or triple- jump high into the air, as the camera panned down to help players line up their landings. In addition to shooting, jumping on enemies was a primary means of attack.[6. This was the first true 3. D platform- action game with free- roaming environments, but it was never ported to another platform nor released outside of Japan, so it remains relatively unknown in the West.[6. The following year, Exact released their follow- up to Geograph Seal as an early title for Sony's new Play. Station console. Jumping Flash!, released in April 1. Geograph Seal,[6. D environments. The frog- like mech was traded in for a more cartoony rabbit mech, called Robbit. Beyond this, the level design had an even greater focus on platform hopping, and it was released in Europe and North America as a launch title, helping it gain a much higher profile. The title was successful enough to receive two sequels, and is remembered as the first 3. D platformer on a console.[6. Rob Fahey of Eurogamer highlighted that the game was arguably one of the most important ancestors of any 3. D platform game at the time.[7. Jumping Flash holds the record of "First platform videogame in true 3. D" according to Guinness World Records.[7. Super Mario 6. 4 replaced the linear obstacle courses of traditional platform games with vast worlds. Nintendo released Super Mario 6. Before then, there was no established paradigm for bringing platform games into 3. D. Mario 6. 4 set a new standard, and it was imitated by many subsequent 3. D platformers. Its gameplay allowed players to explore open 3. D environments with greater freedom than any previous attempt at a 3. D platform game. To aid this, Nintendo added an analog control stick to its Nintendo 6. Vectrex, and which has since become standard on other controllers. This allowed for the finer precision needed for a free perspective. Players no longer followed a linear path to the ends of levels, either, with most levels providing objective- based goals. There were a handful of boss levels that offered more traditional platforming. Super Mario 6. 4 brought a change in the goals of some platformers. In most 2. D platformers, the player only had to reach a single goal to complete a level, but in 3. D platformers, each level had to be combed for collectible items such as puzzle pieces (Banjo- Kazooie) or stars (Super Mario 6. This allowed for more efficient use of large 3. D areas and rewarded the player for thorough exploration, but they also often involved more elements of action- adventure games and less jumping. As platform games settled into this new free- roaming model, it became necessary for developers to program a dynamic, intelligent camera. This was a non- issue with 2. D platformers, which were able to maintain a fixed viewpoint. The addition of a free camera also made it more difficult for players to judge the exact height and distance of platforms, making jumping puzzles more difficult. Some of the more linear 3. D platformers, like Tork: Prehistoric Punk and Wario World used scripted cameras that allowed for minimal player control. Others with more open environments, such as Super Mario 6. Banjo Kazooie, needed intelligent cameras that follow the players movements.[7. These intelligent cameras were not perfect, and required the player to adjust the view at times when the view was obstructed, or simply not facing what the player needed to see. RPGs, first person shooters, and more complex action- adventure games were all capturing more market share. Even so, Tomb Raider became one of the best selling series on the Play. Station, along with Insomniac Games' Spyro and Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot, one of the few 3. D titles to retain the linear level design of 2. D games. Also, many of the Nintendo 6. Super Mario 6. 4, Banjo- Kazooie, and Donkey Kong 6. Into the 2. 1st century[edit]By the sixth generation era, platformers were no longer seen as hot system sellers. Sega finally produced a 3. D Sonic game, Sonic Adventure, on its new Dreamcast console. It used a hub structure like Mario 6. Although the game was a hit, it was not enough to save the Dreamcast from an early discontinuation in 2. Nintendo launched its Game. Cube console without a platform game, but in 2. Super Mario Sunshine, the second 3. D Mario game. While the title was well received at the time of its release, it has since received criticism regarding such factors as its short length, lack of location variety, and level design, which featured an abundance of open space, making for a much slower- paced game.[7. Other notable 3. D platformers trickled out during this generation. Maximo was a spiritual heir to the Ghosts'n Goblins series. Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg offered Yuji Naka's take on a Mario 6. Psychonauts became a critical darling based on its imaginative levels and colorful characters. Rayman 's popularity continued, though the franchise's third game was not as well received as the first two.[7. Naughty Dog's deal with Universal was up, and they moved on from Crash Bandicoot to Jak and Daxter, a series that moved further away from traditional platforming with each sequel.[citation needed] A hybrid platformer/shooter game from Insomniac Games called Ratchet & Clank further pushed the genre away from such gameplay, as did Universal Interactive Studios' rebooted Spyro trilogy. Platformers remained a vital genre, but they never recaptured the popularity they once held. In 1. 99. 8, platform games had a 1. Even the much acclaimed Psychonauts experienced modest sales at first, leading publisher Majesco to withdraw from high budget console games,[7. Europe were respectable,[8. Tomb Raider began to sag. Other forms of third- person action games have cut into the sales of platformers, while genres such as RPGs and first- person shooters have continued to grow in popularity. A broader and more diverse video game market has developed, and no single genre has managed to achieve the same kind of dominance that platform games did during the 8, 1. Recent developments[edit]Trine mixed traditional platform elements with more modern physics puzzles. Despite a much smaller presence in the overall gaming market, some platform games continue to be successful into the seventh generation of consoles. Super Mario Galaxy and Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction to positive critical and fan reaction.[8. Super Mario Galaxy was awarded the Best Game of 2. Game. Spot, IGN, and Game. Trailers, and was the most critically acclaimed game of all time according to Game. Rankings. In 2. 00. Little. Big. Planet paired traditional 2. D platform game mechanics with physics simulation and user created content, earning strong sales and critical reaction. Electronic Arts released Mirror's Edge, which coupled platform gameplay with a first- person camera, but avoided marketing the game as a platformer because of the association the label had developed with games geared toward younger audiences.[citation needed]Sonic Unleashed featured stages containing both 2. D and 3. D styles of platform gameplay; this formula was also used in Sonic Colors and Sonic Generations. Two Crash Bandicoot platform games were also released 2. Freedom Planet (2. Sonic the Hedgehog games and features pixelated, sprite- based graphics. Nintendo has revived the genre in recent years, releasing numerous platform games to high sales. New Super Mario Bros. Nintendo DS, and the fourth best- selling non- bundled video game of all time.[8. Super Mario Galaxy has sold over eight million units,[8. Super Paper Mario, Super Mario 6. DS, Sonic Rush, Yoshi's Island DS, Kirby Super Star Ultra, and Kirby: Squeak Squad also have strong sales, and keep the genre active. After the success of New Super Mario Bros., consumers and publishers have shown renewed interest in 2. D platformers, which can be attributed both to handheld consoles such as the Nintendo DS and Play. Station Portable, and low- risk downloadable services offered by Wii. Ware, Xbox Live Arcade, Play. Station Network, and Steam. These range from classic revivals such as Bionic Commando: Rearmed, Contra Re. Birth, and Sonic the Hedgehog 4, to original titles like Splosion Man and Henry Hatsworth in the Puzzling Adventure. Wario Land: The Shake Dimension, released in 2. Subsequent games such as Braid, A Boy and His Blob, and The Behemoth's Battle. Block Theater also use completely 2. D graphics. New Super Mario Bros. Wii is particularly notable, as unlike the majority of 2. D platformers in the 2. The success of New Super Mario Bros. Wii led to Nintendo releasing similar 2. D platformer games for their classic franchises the following year: Donkey Kong Country Returns and Kirby's Return to Dream Land. In 2. 00. 9, independent developer Frozenbyte released Trine, a 2. D platform game that mixed traditional elements with more modern physics puzzles. The game proved to be a commercial success, eventually selling more than 1. It spawned a sequel, Trine 2, which was released in 2. The 2. D platformer Rayman Origins, was also released in 2. In 2. 01. 2, Nintendo released two more 2. D platform games: New Super Mario Bros. DS and New Super Mario Bros. U for the Wii U. Nintendo has also released 3. D platform games with gameplay elements of 2. D platform games, namely "Super Mario 3. D Land" for the 3. DS in 2. 01. 1 and "Super Mario 3. D World" for the Wii U in 2. Each has achieved critical and commercial success. Subgenres[edit]There are many games that are platformers that do not adhere to any of the subgenres below, but the following are some of the more recognizable archetypes for different platform styles. There are many more vaguely defined subgenres that are not mentioned here because they are not as easily defined. Puzzle platformers[edit]. The puzzles in 2. Fez are based on a screen rotation mechanic. Puzzle platformers are characterized by their use of a platform game structure to drive a game whose challenge is derived primarily from puzzles. Enix's 1. 98. 3 release Door Door and Sega's 1. Doki Doki Penguin Land (for the SG- 1. Doki Doki Penguin Land allowed players to run and jump in typical platform fashion, but they could also destroy blocks, and were tasked with guiding an egg to the bottom of the level without letting it break. The Lost Vikings (1. It featured three characters players could switch between, each with different abilities. Players had to use all three characters to reach the level goals. This subgenre has a strong presence on handheld platforms. Wario Land 2 moved the Wario series into the puzzle- platformer genre by eliminating the element of death and adding temporary injuries, such as being squashed or lit on fire, and specialized powers. Wario Land 3 continued this tradition, while Wario Land 4 was more of a mix of puzzle and traditional platform elements. The Game Boy update of Donkey Kong was also a successful portable puzzle- platformer, and saw a sequel on Game Boy Advance called Mario vs Donkey Kong. Klonoa: Empire of Dreams, the first handheld title in its series, was also a puzzle- platformer. In more recent years, the genre has experienced some revival, especially in independent game development. Braid uses time manipulation for its puzzles, and And Yet It Moves uses frame of reference rotation. In contrast to these side- scrollers, Narbacular Drop and its successor, Portal are first- person camera games that use portals to solve puzzles in 3. D. Since the release of Portal, there have been more puzzle platformers that use a first- person camera, including Purity and Tag: The Power of Paint. Run and gun platformers[edit]The run and gun platformer genre was popularized by Konami's classic Contra. Gunstar Heroes and Metal Slug are also among the most popular examples of this style. Side- scrolling run and gun games are an attempt to marry platform games with shoot 'em ups, characterized by a minimal focus on precise platform jumping and a major emphasis on multi- directional shooting. These games are sometimes called platform shooters. This genre has strong arcade roots, and as such, these games are generally known for being very difficult, and having very linear, one- way game progression. There are games which feature a heavy degree of shooting but do not fall into this subgenre. Mega Man, Metroid, Vectorman, Jazz Jackrabbit, Earthworm Jim and Turrican are all platformers with a heavy focus on action and shooting, but unlike Contra or Metal Slug, platform jumping elements, as well as exploration and back- tracking, still figure prominently. Run and guns are generally very pure, and while they may have vehicular sequences or other changes in style, they stay focused on shooting throughout. Cinematic platformers[edit]Another World, like other cinematic platformers, features a realistically proportioned character and rotoscoped animation. Cinematic platformers are a small but distinct subgenre of platform games, usually distinguished by their relative realism compared to traditional platformers. These games focus on fluid, lifelike movements, without the unnatural physics found in nearly all other platform games.[8. To achieve this realism, many cinematic platformers, beginning with Prince of Persia, have employed rotoscoping techniques to animate their characters based on video footage of live actors performing the same stunts.[8. Jumping abilities are typically roughly within the confines of an athletic human's capacity. To expand vertical exploration, many cinematic platformers feature the ability to grab onto ledges, or make extensive use of elevator platforms.[8. Other distinguishing characteristics include step- based control, in which an action is performed after the character completes his current animation, rather than the instant the button is pressed, and multi- screen stages that do not scroll.[citation needed]As these games tend to feature vulnerable characters who may die as the result of a single enemy attack or by falling a relatively short distance, they almost never have limited lives or continues. Challenge is derived from trial and error problem solving, forcing the player to find the right way to overcome a particular obstacle.[8. Prince of Persia was the first cinematic platformer and perhaps the most influential.[8. Impossible Mission pioneered many of the defining elements of cinematic platformers and is an important precursor to this genre.[9. Other games in the genre include Flashback (and its 2. Another World, Heart of Darkness, the first two Oddworld games, Blackthorne, Bermuda Syndrome, Generations Lost, Heart of the Alien, Weird Dreams, Limbo, on. Escapee, Deadlight, Disney's Tarzan. Comical action game[edit]This genre lacks a commonly agreed upon name in the West, but games in the genre are most commonly called "comical action games" (CAGs) in Japan.[9. The original arcade Mario Bros is generally recognized as the originator of this genre, though Bubble Bobble is also highly influential. These games are characterized by single screen, non- scrolling levels and cooperative two- player action. A level is cleared when all enemies on the screen have been defeated, and vanquished foes usually drop score bonuses in the form of fruit or other items. CAGs are almost exclusively developed in Japan and are either arcade games, or sequels to arcade games, though they are also a common genre among amateur doujinshi games. Other examples include Don Doko Don, Snow Bros and Nightmare in the Dark. Isometric platformers[edit]Knight Lore, an example of three- dimensional space represented on low- end hardware. Arguably a subgenre of both 3. D and 2. D platformers, isometric platformers present a three- dimensional environment using two- dimensional graphics in isometric projection. Although not the first isometric games, the earliest examples of isometric platform games are the arcade game Congo Bongo and Ant Attack for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, both released in 1. Knight Lore, an isometric sequel to Sabre Wulf, helped to establish the conventions of early isometric platformers. This formula would be repeated in later games like Head Over Heels, and Monster Max. These games were generally heavily focused on exploring indoor environments, usually a series of small rooms connected by doors, and have distinct adventure and puzzle elements. Japanese developers blended this gameplay style with that of Japanese action- adventure games like The Legend of Zelda to create games like Land Stalker and Light Crusader. While these games are more generally classified as action adventures, they are also isometric platformers and an evolution of earlier conventions in the genre. This influence would later travel to Europe with Adeline Software's sprawling epic Little Big Adventure, which blended RPG, adventure, and isometric platforming elements. Before consoles were able to display true polygonal 3. D graphics, the ¾ isometric perspective was used to move some popular 2. D platformers into three- dimensional gameplay. Spot Goes To Hollywood was a sequel to the popular Cool Spot, and Sonic 3. D Blast was Sonic's outing into the isometric subgenre. Platform- adventure games[edit]Many games fuse platform game fundamentals with elements of action- adventure games, such as The Legend of Zelda, or with elements of RPGs. Typically these elements include the ability to explore an area freely, with access to new areas granted by either gaining new abilities or using inventory items. Many 2. D games in the Metroid and Castlevania franchises are among the most popular games of this sort, and so games that take this type of approach are often labeled as "Metroidvania" games.[9. Castlevania: Symphony of the Night popularized this approach in the Castlevania series.[9. Other examples of such games include Wonder Boy III: The Dragon's Trap, Tails Adventure, Cave Story, Mega Man ZX, Shadow Complex, and the recent Duck. Tales: Remastered.[9. Early examples of free- roaming, side- scrolling, 2. D platform- adventures in the vein of "Metroidvania" include Nintendo's original Metroid in 1. Konami's Castlevania games: Vampire Killer in 1. Simon's Quest in 1. Enix's sci- fi Sharp X1 computer game Brain Breaker in 1. Pony Canyon's Super Pitfall in 1. System Sacom's Euphory in 1. Bothtec's The Scheme in 1. Dragon Slayeraction RPGs by Nihon Falcom such as the 1. Xanadu[1. 05][1. 06] and 1. Faxanadu[1. 05] and Legacy of the Wizard.[1. Endless running games[edit]"Endless running" or "infinite running" games are platform games in which the player character is continuously moving forward through a procedurally generated, theoretically endless game world. Game controls are limited to making the character jump, attack, or perform special actions. The object of these games is to get as far as possible before the character dies. Endless running games have found particular success on mobile platforms. They are well- suited to the small set of controls these games require, often limited to a single screen tap for jumping. Game designer Scott Rogers named side- scrolling shooters like Scramble (1. Moon Patrol (1. 98. Disney's Aladdin (1. Crash Bandicoot (1. Eurogamer credits Canabalt as "the title that single- handedly invented the smartphone- friendly single- button running genre" in 2. Temple Run (2. 01. Temple Run 2 have become especially popular endless running games. The latter became the world's fastest- spreading mobile game in January 2. Other successful "endless runners" include Subway Surfers, Sonic Dash, Rayman Jungle Run, Stampede Run, and Snowden Run 3. D.[1. 11][1. 12]See also[edit]Notes and references[edit]^"Gamespeak: A glossary of gaming terms". Specusphere. Archived from the original on 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 0. Crash Software Review, Issue 1". Crash Micro Action Games. Retrieved 2. 00. 8- 0. This estimate is based on the number of platform games released on specific systems. For example, on the Sega Master System, 1. Sega Genesis games (2. A Detailed Cross- Examination of Yesterday and Today's Best- Selling Platform Games". Gamasutra. 2. 00. Retrieved 2. 00. 6- 1. Crawford, Chris (2. Chris Crawford on Game Design. New Riders. ISBN 0- 8. Donkey Kong at Allgame^Crazy Climber at Allgame^"Donkey Kong". Arcade History. 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 6- 1. Gaming's most important evolutions". Games. Radar. Oct 8, 2. Retrieved 2. 01. 1- 0. Readers' Awards (1. Crash, 1. 98. 4–1. May 2. 01. 2 ^"The Player's Guide to Climbing Games". Electronic Games. January 1. 98. 3. ^ ab"IGN: The Leif Ericson Awards". Retro. ign. com. 2. Retrieved 2. 01. 3- 0. Archived from the original on 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 8- 0. Jump Bug". Arcade History. Retrieved 2. 00. 6- 1. BC's Quest for Tires". Moby. Games. Retrieved 2. Pac- Land". 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